Icelandic Folklore: 5 Portals to the Myths, Legends, and Traditions

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Have you ever wondered why Icelandic folk tales resonate so deeply with us? Whether it’s tales of magical beings or heroic adventures, these stories shape our understanding of culture and identity.

As an explorer of myths and legends, you are the hero in this journey of discovery. Like many, you might feel intrigued yet overwhelmed by the sheer depth of Icelandic folklore—but you’re not alone.

Here, we’ll act as your guide, unpacking the mysteries behind Iceland’s rich Icelandic folktales, from the enchanting Huldufólk to the mischievous Yule Lads.

Our expertise bridges the ancient and modern, showing you how these tales remain relevant today. This article offers:

  • Key insights into Iceland’s most beloved legends
  • A roadmap of cultural festivals and their folkloric roots
  • A glimpse into the influence of these stories on art, literature, and beyond

Continue reading to unlock the secrets of Icelandic folktales and discover how these timeless tales can inspire and enrich your own story.

1. Key Figures in Icelandic Folklore

Myths & Legends Of Icelandic Folklore. Video by Intrigued Mind

Icelandic folklore is teeming with extraordinary characters—beings who dwell in the mountains, under the sea, and even in the very rocks of the land. These figures often embody the mysterious forces of nature, the supernatural, and human nature itself.

The Hidden People (Huldufólk)

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The Huldufólk, or Hidden People, are perhaps the most iconic and enduring figures in Icelandic folklore. These mystical beings are said to live in the rocks, hills, and caves scattered across Iceland, unseen by the human eye but believed to exert an influence on the world around them.

  • Benevolent but Mysterious: While the Huldufólk are often seen as benevolent creatures, helping those who show them respect, they are also capricious, and disrupting their dwellings or not showing proper reverence can result in misfortune.
  • Sacred Sites: In North Iceland, certain unique rock formations and natural sites are said to be home to these beings. Locals sometimes go out of their way to avoid disturbing these sites during construction, fearing the wrath of the Hidden People.
  • The Elf Church: In East Iceland, a famous landmark known as the Elf Church is thought to be a gathering place for these hidden beings. The church is often protected by Icelanders who believe that disturbing the site could anger the elves.

These beliefs remain strong today, with some Icelanders even consulting with álfar (elves) for guidance or protection.

Trolls

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Trolls, the infamous creatures of Icelandic mythology, are another central part of the folklore. These beings are often described as fearsome giants who live in the mountains and only venture out at night. Trolls are typically portrayed as hostile toward humans but can sometimes be tricked or outwitted.

  • Turning to Stone: A common belief in Icelandic folklore is that trolls turn to stone if exposed to sunlight. Many natural rock formations in Iceland are said to resemble trolls that were caught out in the open at dawn and turned to stone.
  • A Female Troll’s Fate: One popular tale tells of a female troll whose stone figure can still be seen today on the cliffs near East Iceland. Her tragic fate serves as a reminder of the dangers of angering the trolls.

These creatures continue to feature in Icelandic stories, especially in spooky tales told during the long winter nights.

The Thirteen Yule Lads and the Yule Cat

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Icelandic folklore takes on a festive tone during the Christmas season, when the Jólasveinar—the thirteen Yule Lads—make their appearance. These mischievous figures are part of a larger tradition that revolves around Christmas folklore, and each Yule Lad has his own personality and prank to play.

  • Mischief and Pranks: Each Yule Lad arrives on a different day leading up to Christmas Eve, playing pranks on children and adults alike. Their actions range from stealing food to causing minor chaos in the home. Well-behaved children receive small gifts left by the Yule Lads, while misbehaving children are sometimes subjected to their tricks.
  • The Yule Cat’s Terrifying Role: The Yule Cat is a massive feline that roams the snowy landscapes during Christmas, punishing those who have not received new clothes for Christmas. This Christmas folklore was originally meant to encourage people to work hard and make sure everyone had new clothes for the winter months.

This tale is especially significant in Iceland, where winter is long and harsh, and clothing is essential for survival. The Yule Cat remains a symbol of the high standards expected during the Christmas season.

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2. Myths and Legends: Stories of Heroes and Supernatural Beings

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Iceland’s mythology is rich with epic sagas, sea monsters, famous ghost stories, and legendary heroes. These tales often reflect the deep connection Icelanders have with their land and the supernatural forces that shape their world.

The Story of the First Settlers

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Icelandic folklore is deeply intertwined with the history of its first settlers. According to legend, the settlement of Iceland was no accident. The first settlers, mostly Norsemen and their families, came to the island after centuries of wandering across the North Atlantic. These early settlers shaped the land’s future, and their tales have become legendary.

  • Ingólfur Arnarson: The first known settler of Iceland was Ingólfur Arnarson, who, according to tradition, arrived in the year 874. He is said to have made a dramatic entrance by casting his high-seat pillars into the sea, letting them float to the land where he would settle. This myth symbolizes the Icelanders’ connection to the land and their belief in fate.

  • The Settlement Sagas: These sagas, often passed down orally, tell of the struggles and triumphs of the first settlers. The Landnámabók (Book of Settlements) is the most famous account of this time, describing how Norse settlers tamed the wild, volcanic terrain and built the foundations for Icelandic society. These stories provide insights into how Icelanders learned to live in harmony with the harsh, unpredictable landscape.

The Saga of the Volsungs

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One of the most famous Icelandic folktales is the Saga of the Volsungs, which chronicles the legendary adventures of Sigurd, the dragon-slayer. This saga, filled with gods, giants, betrayal, and revenge, is one of the cornerstones of Icelandic literature and Norse mythology.

  • Sigurd’s Journey: The saga follows Sigurd as he goes on a heroic journey, battling dragons and giants, while dealing with family betrayal and magical prophecies. His slaying of the dragon Fafnir remains one of the most iconic scenes in Norse mythology.

  • Influence on Modern Culture: The Saga of the Volsungs has inspired many works of literature, art, and film. The hero’s journey of Sigurd and his tragic fate has influenced stories across cultures, making this saga one of the most important pieces of Icelandic folklore.

Sea Monsters and the Loch Ness Monster

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While the Loch Ness Monster of Scotland is widely known, Iceland too is home to a number of sea monster legends. These creatures, often depicted as giant serpents or other terrifying beings, are said to lurk beneath the waves of Iceland’s fjords and coastal waters.

  • Icelandic Sea Monsters: Many Icelandic fishermen and sailors have reported sightings of enormous sea creatures that could easily capsize boats. These creatures are sometimes described as serpentine or resembling large whales or fish.

  • The Loch Ness Monster Connection: While Iceland’s sea monsters have their own local legends, these stories are often compared to the Loch Ness Monster, with both representing the mysterious and unexplored waters that surround these lands.

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3. Superstitions and Magical Beliefs

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In addition to the supernatural beings of folklore, Icelanders hold many superstitions that reflect their beliefs in magic, spirits, and omens. These beliefs continue to influence everyday life and are deeply rooted in Icelandic culture.

Magical Practices: Galdr and Seidr

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Icelandic folklore is rich with magical practices. Galdr (spells) and seidr (shamanic rituals) were once practiced by Icelandic witches known as völvas. These practices were believed to offer protection, influence, and even healing.

  • Spells for Protection and Prosperity: Galdr were spells used to bring good fortune, protect against evil, or heal the sick. These spells were passed down through generations and often involved chants, symbols, or specific rituals.

  • The Role of the Völva: The völvas were women who practiced seidr and were believed to possess great magical powers. They could foresee the future, communicate with spirits, and shape the destiny of individuals or entire communities.

These practices, while no longer common today, continue to capture the imagination of many and form a key part of Icelandic folklore.

Superstitions About Nature and Spirits

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Iceland’s dramatic landscapes, from its volcanic mountains to its vast glaciers, have long been intertwined with supernatural beliefs. Many Icelanders still adhere to the belief that the land is alive with spirits, and disturbing certain places can result in misfortune.

  • Sacred Sites and Nature: In areas like North Iceland, where many believe elves and trolls reside, it’s said that disturbing sacred rocks or hills can anger the spirits and lead to bad luck.

  • Magical Locations: The Elf Church in East Iceland is just one of many places believed to be inhabited by spirits. People still make offerings to the Hidden People or seek their approval before starting major projects.

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4. Influence of Icelandic Folklore in Art, Literature, and Film

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Icelandic folklore continues to inspire modern art, literature, and film, keeping the country’s mystical traditions alive while influencing global creative works. The rich mythology of elves, trolls, and hidden people is reflected in Iceland’s vibrant culture, from its ancient sagas to contemporary creative expressions.

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Icelandic Literature: From Sagas to Modern Novels

The Blue Fox (novel) by Sjón. Photo by Barry Ratzliff

Icelandic literature has always been deeply connected to its folklore. The sagas, epic tales of heroes, gods, and supernatural beings, have influenced modern Icelandic writers.

  • Halldór Laxness, Iceland’s Nobel laureate, often incorporates folklore in his novels. His work, like Independent People, merges Icelandic mythology with modern themes.

  • Sjón, another notable author, blends elements of Icelandic folklore with magical realism in his works, such as The Blue Fox, creating a bridge between the past and the present.

Art: Visualizing Mythical Landscapes

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Icelandic art reflects the country’s deep connection to its folklore. Artists often depict Iceland’s dramatic landscapes, which are filled with stories of magical creatures and hidden spirits.

  • Artists like Guðbjörg Ríkey incorporate elements of Icelandic mythology, such as Huldufólk (Hidden People), into their works.

  • The rugged Icelandic terrain, including volcanic mountains and glaciers, is frequently seen as a living extension of folklore, where nature itself is imbued with magic.

Film: Iceland’s Folklore on the Big Screen

Game of Thrones | Official Series Trailer (HBO). Video by GameofThrones

Icelandic folklore has also found a home in international cinema. The country’s stunning landscapes, often steeped in myth, serve as the backdrop for films that blend the supernatural with the everyday.

  • Icelandic filmmakers, like Benedikt Erlingsson, incorporate folklore into their films. Of Horses and Men (2013) explores the relationship between people and nature, reflecting Icelandic themes of destiny and magic.

  • Hollywood films such as The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013) and Game of Thrones have showcased Iceland’s dramatic landscapes, known for their connection to magical realism and the supernatural.

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5. Folklore in Icelandic Festivals and Traditions

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Icelandic folklore plays a vital role in shaping the country’s festivals and traditions, keeping ancient myths and legends alive. These customs not only preserve the rich cultural heritage of Iceland but also keep its supernatural beliefs at the forefront of modern celebrations.

The Yule Season and Christmas Folklore

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Icelandic Christmas traditions are deeply rooted in folklore, particularly the tales of the Yule Lads, 13 mischievous brothers who visit children during the 13 nights leading up to Christmas. Each Yule Lad has a distinct personality, and well-behaved children receive small gifts or potatoes in their shoes.

Additionally, the Yule Cat, a giant feline, threatens to eat those who haven’t received new clothes for Christmas, adding an eerie element to the festivities. These folkloric figures bring a sense of magic to the Christmas season and are cherished by Icelandic children.

The Icelandic Festival of Þorrablót

Thorrablot – the Icelandic Midwinter Festival. Video by CCP Games

The Þorrablót festival, held in midwinter, honors the Norse god Þorr and celebrates Iceland’s Viking heritage. During this festival, Icelanders gather to feast on traditional foods such as hákarl (fermented shark) and svið (sheep’s head), while recounting stories from Icelandic folklore.

The festival is a way for Icelanders to connect with their ancestral roots and honor the gods and legends of their past. Through feasts, music, and storytelling, Þorrablót reinforces the cultural bond between Icelandic people and their ancient traditions.

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Midsummer and the Northern Lights

The Natural Beauty of the Northern Lights. Video by Visit The USA

Midsummer celebrations in Iceland, coinciding with the summer solstice, are steeped in folklore, especially surrounding Huldufólk (Hidden People) and other supernatural beings. With nearly 24 hours of daylight, Midsummer is believed to be a time when elves and spirits are most active.

Many Icelanders still hold the belief that these beings can be seen more often during this magical time. Bonfires, folk music, and dancing are common at Midsummer events, creating an atmosphere where folklore and nature intertwine, reinforcing the mystical elements of Icelandic tradition.

Tales of Ghosts and Spirits at Halloween

The Scary Undead from Norse Mythology – Draugr. Video by See U in History / Mythology

Though Halloween is a modern addition to Icelandic traditions, it ties in closely with the country’s long-standing history of ghost stories and the supernatural. The tradition of telling spooky tales, especially about draugr—undead spirits that haunt the living—has been part of Icelandic culture for centuries.

On Halloween, Icelanders embrace these eerie legends, often sharing ghost stories and enjoying haunted house events. The connection to folklore is strong, as these tales of restless spirits and the supernatural reflect the deeper cultural belief in ghosts and spirits that has persisted throughout Iceland’s history.

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Key Takeaways About Icelandic Folklore

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Icelandic folklore is an essential part of the country’s cultural identity, woven into its festivals, traditions, and daily life. From the mischievous Yule Lads who visit during the Christmas season to the supernatural beings of Huldufólk that are believed to live hidden in the Icelandic landscape, the magical world of elves, trolls, and ghosts continues to captivate both locals and visitors alike.

The enduring presence of these figures in Icelandic traditions, such as the Þorrablót and Midsummer celebrations, highlights the deep connection between Icelanders and their mystical past. Folklore also plays a significant role in Icelandic art, literature, and film, ensuring that these fantastical tales are preserved and passed down to future generations.

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